https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X10030107, Sharlaimova N, Shabelnikov S, Bobkov D et al (2021) Coelomocyte replenishment in adult Asterias rubens: the possible ways. Log in to Pronouncekiwi Cell Tissue Res 289:363374. Proteomics 11:35873592. Dev Dyn 245:307322. The capsule was placed in a MikroDismembrator (Sartorius) and set to 3000rpm for 2.5min. coelomic epithelium sound ,coelomic epithelium pronunciation, how to pronounce coelomic epithelium, click to play the pronunciation audio of coelomic epithelium Phone Numbers Mobile Russ J Mar Biol 33:411416. BMC Biol 19:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00937-7, Pobre KFR, Poet GJ, Hendershot LM (2019) The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP is a master regulator of ER functions: getting by with a little help from ERdj friends. PubMed More than a simple epithelial layer: multifunctional role of echinoderm coelomic epithelium. In non-regenerating samples, we never observed presumptive stem cells within the CE, although the possibility that these are located in other non-investigated part of the CE cannot be excluded. 2021) and proteomic approaches (Franco et al. Coelomic epithelium-derived cells in visceral morphogenesis https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248228, Han J, Lee JD, Bibbs L, Ulevitch RJ (1994) A MAP kinase targeted by endotoxin and hyperosmolarity in mammalian cells. Please Rather, during regeneration, CE cells undergo dedifferentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition to deliver progenitor cells for tissue replacement. 2011). The underlying muscle layers underwent an intense reorganization and remodeling. Vacuum-dried (Scientific Speed-Vacuum, Thermo) tryptic digests re-suspended in 2% (v/v) acetonitrile (ACN) 1% (v/v) formic acid were desalted and concentrated by C18 microcolumns (OMIX tips, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) following the manufacturers instructions. In the distal-most arm tip where the circular muscle layer was not present, the vesicular layer was directly in contact with the longitudinal muscle layer (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-791-4_1, Golconda P, Buckley KM, Reynolds CR et al (2019) The axial organ and the pharynx are sites of hematopoiesis in the sea urchin. In order to overcome some of these issues and deeply understand the complex physiological role of this epithelial tissue in echinoderm biology, it is important to integrate morphological evidences with detailed molecular data. Scale bar = 5m. FEBS J 287:45004524. coelom: [noun] the usually epithelium-lined space between the body wall and the digestive tract of metazoans above the lower worms. 1995a; Dolmatov et al. Gonadal Ridge - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 2018). (2015) and, interestingly, in coelomocytes (Franco et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010225, Gorshkov AN, Blinova MI, Pinaev GP (2009) Ultrastructure of coelomic epithelium and coelomocytes of the starfish Asterias rubens L. in norm and after wounding. Note the presence of flagellum (red asterisk). 2017). Check out these Famous cuisines around the World. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00311947, Article The perivisceral CE of M. glacialis arm (Fig. The criteria used were (i) selection of the isoforms presented in the higher number of replicates, and (ii) arbitrary selection of one isoform from the groups of isoforms identified in the same number of replicates. fTEM micrograph of the new coelomic cavity tip, showing details of peritoneocytes. Another cell degradation system is the ubiquitinproteasome where, upon ubiquitination, proteins become degraded by the proteasome (a complex of proteases) (Kleiger and Mayor 2014). Once more, these integrated data suggest that echinoderm regeneration relies on ad hoc de-differentiation/migration mechanisms rather than on the use of stocked stem cells. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition . A speculative hypothesis is that the intense fluid secretion by the CE could contribute to create a high local hydrostatic pressure mechanically pushing the apical regrowth and driving the regeneration process (Ben Khadra et al. Evidence of CE phagocytic function is also given by the identification of proteins of the Arp2/3 complex. Scale bar = 2m. 1bd). Our aim was to investigate the contribution of coelomic epithelium-derived cells to the intestinal development. -. 2007). However, we cannot answer medical or research questions or give advice. 6a) were cellular (47%), were metabolic (11%), and in regulation (19%). Keywords: Coelom - Wikipedia 4h): coelothelial cells apparently detached from the basal part of the epithelium and migrate in the underlying mesenchymal tissue. 4ac). Our observations indicate that this secretion activity is particularly evident in the distal-most tip of both non-regenerating and regenerating coelomic cavities. A further hypothesis is that the secreted vesicles contain regulatory molecules, particularly related to the immune response. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05040.x, Mutsaers SE, Wilkosz S (2007) Structure and function of mesothelial cells. Copyright PathologyOutlines.com, Inc. Click, 30150 Telegraph Road, Suite 119, Bingham Farms, Michigan 48025 (USA). The remaining proteins were involved in localization (5%), interaction with cells and organisms (4%), response to stimulus (2%), developmental process (2%), and immune system (<1%), whereas 9% of the proteins had no identified biological processes. 2011; Dheilly et al. This study examined the role of coelomocytes outside circulation, named marginal coelomocytes and small undifferentiated cells of the coelomic epithelium in coelomocyte replenishment in Asterias rubens. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.013. Online ahead of print. In particular, proteomics is becoming a powerful tool to deepen the problem of cell and tissue functions during both tissue homeostasis and regeneration by depicting the existing protein activities involved in the regrowth processes. The coelomic epithelium (in red) gives rise to mesenchymal cells diffusely throughout the body wall, coelomic septa and splanchnopleural mesoderm, but this process is more active in areas where endodermal (e.g., lungs, liver) and mesodermal organs (e.g., adrenals, gonads) are developing. J Exp Zool 272:464474. Fibers undergo rearrangement phenomena indicated by evident modifications of their contractile apparatus (arrows). This lipid is a component of cell organelles that regulates a variety of sorting processes ensuring the proper distribution of endocytic cargo that is trafficked through the endosome for degradation or returned to the plasma membrane after recycling (Naslavsky and Caplan 2018). Annu Rev Physiol 66:77101. Accessibility J Biol Chem 293:1167411686. lom s-lm plural coeloms also coelomata si-l-m-t : the usually epithelium-lined space between the body wall and the digestive tract of metazoans above the lower worms coelomate s-l-mt adjective or noun coelomic si-l-mik -l- adjective Example Sentences Science 265:808811. (2) The vesicular cells display an abundant cytoplasm, with massive presence of swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae and Golgi apparatuses (one or more), and a euchromatic nucleus. Additionally, a specific library of precursor masses and fragment ions was created by performing a single search as described above using all the files from the IDA experiments. Present knowledge on the origin of coelomocytes is still incomplete and controversial, and the presumptive coelomocyte-producing tissue has not been definitively identified. In holothuroids, following muscle injuries, CE cells de-differentiate and migrate into the damaged zone contributing to the regeneration of longitudinal muscles (Ginanova 2007). Two micrograms of recombinant green fluorescent protein (MBP-GFP) was added to each protein sample as an internal standard for retention time adjustment and intensity normalization. Coelomic epithelium is an alternate spelling for celomic epithelium, which already redirects to peritoneum. Indeed, they both possess particular cytoplasmic features, including electron-lucent vesicles and vacuoles as well as electron-dense granules and phagosomes (see below for further considerations). 2018; Ferrario et al. 2010 Jan;52(1):57-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-169X.2009.01159.x. Early Development of the Gonads: Origin and Differentiation of the Zoomorphology 129:119. 3c, d, f). Overall, proteins specific to hematopoiesis were not found, this result being explainable by the presence in the total protein extract analyzed by LCMS/MS of highly abundant proteins, which hampers the identification of lower abundant proteins. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.21352, Holm K, Dupont S, Skld H et al (2008) Induced cell proliferation in putative haematopoietic tissues of the sea star, Asterias rubens (L.). However, it is important to note that in echinoderms, the term coelomocytes is used to refer to heterogeneous cell populations which can differ from class to class in terms of both morphology and function such as presumptive stem cells as well as immune cells (Smith et al. The total number of proteins identified for each biological replicate is shown between parentheses. Introduction Intra-embryonic coelom week 3-4 ( - (Greek, = cavity) Term used to describe a fluid-filled cavity or space. At 24h p.a., the perivisceral CE close to the wound area was apparently thicker than that in non-regenerating conditions (Fig. Cell Tiss Biol 6:176188. Scale bar = 50m. The mass spectrometry and proteomics dataset are available through the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository, under dataset identifiers PXD027009 and 1ssss0.6019/PXD. adj., adj coelomic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2006.12.005, Yeo JC, Wall AA, Luo L, Stow JL (2016) Sequential recruitment of Rab GTPases during early stages of phagocytosis. Cell Tissue Res 370:1328. pronouncekiwi Listen to the pronunciation of Coelomic epithelium and learn how to pronounce Coelomic epithelium correctly. PubMed Central 2g, h). In echinoderms, this protein is expressed in coelomocytes following physical stress (Ben Khadra et al. Several chaperons, like endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP, are members of the endoplasmic reticulum quality-control system tasked with detecting proteins that fail to mature properly and to target them for cytosolic degradation (Pobre et al. Talk:Coelomic epithelium - Wikipedia 2002). Abbreviations: a, ampulla; cc, coelomic cavity; CE, coelomic epithelium; o, ossicle; p.a., post amputation; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; vc, vesicular cell. 16, Muoz-Chpuli R, Carmona R, Guadix JA et al (2005) The origin of the endothelial cells: an evo-devo approach for the invertebrate/vertebrate transition of the circulatory system. Data acquisition was performed using information-dependent acquisition (IDA) and Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) of each individual replicate (Anjo et al. showing peritoneocyte layer with massive apical secretion; longitudinal muscle layer (lml); thickening of vesicular cell layer (asterisk) associated to circular muscle layer (cml); connective tissue layer (ct). Interestingly, the molecular partners of these events are included in the cluster of identified proteins involved in membrane trafficking processes (Table 1) which require that the regulation and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton come into play. Also called: the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and investing its viscera. Origin of coelom 1 1875-80; <Greek kolma cavity, equivalent to koil-, variant stem of koilon to hollow out (verbal derivative of kolos hollow) + -ma noun suffix denoting result Other words from coelom Additionally, two arm tips were collected from each of three non-regenerating individuals. 2k) were occasionally detected as well, together with neuronal or presumptive neurosecretory processes. Coelomic metaplasia or the stem cell differentiation hypothesis is based on the fact that, in the embryonic phase, the coelomic epithelium gives rise to both mesothelium of serosae and the epithelium lining of the cavity of Mllerian ducts, which forms the endometrium in the uterine body. 2015). 2017). . PMC Scale bar = 400m. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 3g, h). There was no direct evidence of active cell release from the CE nor of any presence of morphologically undifferentiated cells throughout the CE. (DOCX 18 KB), Supplementary file4 Online Resource 4 Combined list of identified proteins and their molecular functions. Subscribe to learn and pronounce a new word each day! Scale bar = 2m. Both longitudinal and circular muscle layers are not detectable. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac901335x, Biressi ACM, Zou T, Dupont S et al (2010) Wound healing and arm regeneration in Ophioderma longicaudum and Amphiura filiformis (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata): comparative morphogenesis and histogenesis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2015.07.010, Garca-Arrars JE, Dolmatov IYu (2010) Echinoderms; potential model systems for studies on muscle regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 32:2430. 2022 Nov;390(2):207-227. doi: 10.1007/s00441-022-03678-x. Through analysis of KEGG pathway ontology for these networks, we found an enrichment in proteins relevant for maintaining epithelial tissue structure and functions (namely cellcell adhesion and membrane integrity), and involved in membrane trafficking processes (like exo- and endocytosis), cell and ciliary motility, protein processing, exporting, and degradation functions (Table 1). Several proteins involved in these processes were also identified in this work (Table 1), by Gabre et al. The ovarian coelomic epithelium covers the ovary as a layer of squamous or cuboidal cells. Likewise, in the same starfish species, Beijnink and Voogt (1986) described the formation of PAS-positive and glycogen-containing apical bulbs from myoepithelial cells of the haemal tuff. J Biol Chem 277:2990829918. Universitade Tecnica de Lisboa, Liang K, Wei L, Chen L (2017) Exocytosis, endocytosis, and their coupling in excitable cells. 8600 Rockville Pike fTEM micrograph of circular muscle layer (cml). (h) TEM detail of a large phagosome in vesicular cell. Together, the cellular morphological similarities and the several shared proteins between M. glacialis coelomocytes and the CE suggest the origin of the former from the latter. dTEM micrograph of the distal CE showing peritoneocytes (green); longitudinal muscle layer (blue); vesicular cell layer (red). As a result, first the circular layer and later the longitudinal layer showed a proximo-distal reduction and, at the distal-most arm tip, completely disappeared (Fig. Apocrine secretion (arrow) from the peritoneocytes (p) is still visible. Google Scholar, Auguste M, Balbi T, Ciacci C, Canesi L (2020) Conservation of cell communication systems in invertebrate hostdefence mechanisms: possible role in immunity and disease. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1190, Dolmatov IY, Mashanov VS, Zueva OR (2007) Derivation of muscles of the Aristotles lantern from coelomic epithelia. Indeed, during vertebrate embryonic development, it is involved in organogenesis of the heart, gut, lungs, liver, and gonads (Ariza et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-009-0095-7, Bonasoro F, Carnevali C, Moss C, Thorndyke M (1998) Epimorphic versus morphallactic mechanism in arm regeneration of crinoids and asteroids: pattern of cell proliferation/differentiation and cell lineage, Bossche JPV, Jangoux M (1976) Epithelial origin of starfish coelomocytes. Characterization of Coelomic Fluid Cell Types in the Starfish, 15-04-07798 / (), Alvarado AS, Tsonis PA (2006) Bridging the regeneration gap: genetic insights from diverse animal models. Proteomics 15:757762. Mar Genomics 37:9296. 2000). 3a, b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0314-1, Dylus DV, Czarkwiani A, Blowes LM et al (2018) Developmental transcriptomics of the brittle star Amphiura filiformis reveals gene regulatory network rewiring in echinoderm larval skeleton evolution. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. PDF Epithelial origin of starfish coelomocytes - Nature The irregular distribution of small cells on the surface and within the coelomic epithelium was demonstrated and the origin of small undifferentiated cells and large agranulocytes from the coelomic epithelium was suggested. Indeed, in echinoderms, the humoral immune response is mediated by a wide variety of secreted molecules found in the coelomic fluid: they include proteins, like lectins, essential for recognizing, neutralizing or destroying foreign material by promoting cell migration, agglutination, and phagocytosis (Franco et al. Nucleic Acids Res 37:D750-754. Check out our new pathology themed Wordle. Among these molecules were regulatory proteins, potential participants of regenerative processes. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004410050883, Candia Carnevali MD, Bonasoro F, Lucca E, Thorndyke MC (1995a) Pattern of cell proliferation in the early stages of arm regeneration in the feather star Antedon mediterranea. For SWATH-MS-based experiments, the mass spectrometer was operated in a looped product ion mode (Gillet et al. For example, in both visceral regeneration in holothurians and arm regeneration in stellate echinoderms, CE gives an indispensable contribution to the development of somatic or visceral muscles (Candia Carnevali et al. At least part of these cells can be considered the functional (and in some cases morphological, Andrade et al 2021) analogs of vertebrate blood cells (e.g., thrombocytes, macrophages), although they differ in the origin and a much wider morphofunctional complexity/diversity is described for the latter. 2010). How To Say Coelomic - YouTube No stem cell marker was identified and no pre-existing stem cell was observed within the CE. At the level of the wound closure, perivisceral CE peritoneocytes displayed heterochromatic and irregular nuclei, high number of electron-lucent vesicles, and large phagosomes (Fig. 2021) and peritoneocytes. Cell Tissue Res 327:371384. Abbreviations: CE, coelomic epithelium; cf, collagen fibrils; ct, connective tissue; ml, mesenchymal layer; n, nucleus; o, ossicle; p.a., post amputation; rnc, radial nerve cord; SLS, spindle-like structures; TEM transmission electron microscopy. From the total of 345 proteins identified, 227 were identified from P. miniata, 80 from S. purpuratus, and 38 from other echinoderms. hTEM micrograph of regenerating perivisceral CE (p) showing evident cell migration toward the mesenchymal tissue (mt). ( silm; -lm) or celom n (Zoology) the body cavity of many multicellular animals, situated in the mesoderm and containing the digestive tract and other visceral organs [C19: from Greek koilma cavity, from koilos hollow; see coel-] coelomic, celomic adj Apocrine secretion phenomena were still present, particularly in the distal-most part of the stump CE, although apparently less massive than in the previous stage (see Online Resource 2). In light of these results, there is a strong hypothesis that CE has exo/endocytic functions which are involved in the constant growth and regeneration of the arm tip such as immune response against pathogens, autophagy, and debris clearance (Hyman 1955). 2008; Sharlaimova and Petukhova 2012).Notably, in the starfish Asterias rubens, a few hours after arm amputation, local CE proliferation is followed by an increased number of circulating coelomocytes (Pinsino et al. Water-soluble protein extracts for each replicate were obtained after an automated frozen tissue disruption procedure as described by Butt and Coorssen (2006). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! These membrane vesicles (30150nm in size) offer a potent mechanism for communication between nearby or distant cells or tissues in order to change their physiological functions and properties in specific innate and adaptive immune responses, as reported in several marine invertebrates. Paramonov AS, Shulepko MA, Makhonin AM, Bychkov ML, Kulbatskii DS, Chernikov AM, Myshkin MY, Shabelnikov SV, Shenkarev ZO, Kirpichnikov MP, Lyukmanova EN. M. glacialis coelomocytes have been recently characterized by means of different cytometry/microscopy (Andrade et al. Indeed, in ophiuroids, Piovani and co-workers (Piovani et al. Curr Mol Pharmacol 9:4865, Tsarouhas V, Senti K-A, Jayaram SA et al (2007) Sequential pulses of apical epithelial secretion and endocytosis drive airway maturation in Drosophila. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2017.08.011, Kleiger G, Mayor T (2014) Perilous journey: a tour of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We have used the transgenic mouse model mWt1/IRES/GFP-Cre (Wt1cre) crossed . Dev Growth Differ. These cells appeared scarcely differentiated, although bearing an apical flagellum and containing numerous electron-lucent vesicles, occasional large phagosomes, and myelin figures: in addition, at the distal-most tip of the new coelomic cavity, they clearly showed intense phenomena of apical secretion (Fig. An official website of the United States government. It is also involved in the activation, migration, and differentiation of keratinocytes and fibroblast activation after injury (Pastar et al. 2010), underlining the immune function of these cells. A qualitative and quantitative comparison of circulatory and marginal coelomocytes, as well as changes of circulatory coelomocyte concentrations in response to injury at different physiological statuses, was analysed. coelomic epithelium sound - coelomic epithelium pronunciation - how to https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-022-03678-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-022-03678-x. CAS cSemithin longitudinal section of proximal CE showing peritoneocyte layer (p); longitudinal (lm); and circular (cm) muscle layers separated by connective tissue (ct); dermis (d) infiltrated by muscle bundles (asterisk). Scale bar = 400m. coelomic epithelium - English definition, grammar, pronunciation The identification of p38- in M. glacialis CE proteome might be also considered an indirect evidence of the expression of TNF-. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 165186, Chapter 2a). The coelomic epithelium is considered to be the main source of coelomocytes, but many details of this process remain unclear. J Biol Chem 294:20982108. More specific analytical methods are however necessary to confirm the fascinating hypothesis of a hydrostatic-driven arm regeneration process in echinoderms. Selected regenerating time-points were 24h, 48h, and 1week post-amputation (p.a.). eSemithin longitudinal section of the distal CE showing peritoneocyte layer releasing blebs (arrow); longitudinal muscle layer; vesicular cell layer (arrowheads). coelom [selom] body cavity, especially the cavity in the mammalian embryo between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure, which is both intra- and extraembryonic; it develops into the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities. The membrane that lines the inside of the abdomen and encloses the abdominal organs. Abbreviations: CE, coelomic epithelium; ct, connective tissue; o, ossicles; rnc, radial nerve cord; TEM, transmission electron microscopy. 1998). An ultrastructural similarity between CE cells and circulating coelomocytes has been reported several times (Holm et al. Scale bar = 50m. 2a, b, d). Note the peritoneocyte apocrine secretion at the very tip of the new regenerating structure. PubMed Mol Cell Proteomics 11(O111):016717. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.O111.016717, Ginanova TT (2007) Participation of the coelomic epithelium of the body wall in muscle regeneration in Apostichopus japonicus (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirota). Learn how animals are classified based on coelom, and the process of formation of the coelom in metazoans. Ultrathin sections were mounted on copper grids and stained with 1% uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate. 3c, d, fh). Epithelial cells displayed a high number of phagosomes, in some cases including condensed contractile apparatus organized in typical spindle-like structures (Fig. Direct source of circulating cells (differentiated coelomocytes) including immune cells, which are indispensable elements during the first repair events of clotting and defense against pathogens (Bossche and Jangoux 1976; Muoz-Chpuli et al. Although it was desirable to add to these results a differential comparison of regenerating CE proteome, two aspects have prevented it: (1) the difficulty of establishing a procedure, using a compatible method, to monitor the portion of CE to be harvested; (2) the huge number of animals needed to extract the CE at the boundary of the regenerating arm tip. 2006; Holm et al. Adv Exp Med Biol 708:260301. J Proteome Res 5:437448. 2010), thus explaining their absence in the herein detected CE proteome. Silvia Guatelli was financed by an Erasmus Grant (European Commission). Cells have high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio (asterisks). 2007; Garca-Arrars and Dolmatov 2010; Ben Khadra et al. Due to its histogenetic potential, CE is considered a key tissue characterized by unique features. CAS Interestingly, in our samples, a sub-layer of peculiar flagellated and vesicular cells, never described before, has been detected in the inner borders of the circular muscle layer. Here, CE peritoneocytes were directly in contact with the vesicular layer, whose cells contained numerous and big phagosomes, small roundish inclusions, and myelin figures (Fig. Similarly, in holothuroids, EMT of mesothelial cells in the underlying connective tissue was identified as a key process in gut regeneration (Garca-Arrars et al. 2010) and our observations confirm this morphological analogy, thus providing further support to the hypothesis of a coelothelial origin of this cell sub-population. 4j). Dev Biol 433:297309. Candidate ions with a charge state between +2 and +5 and counts above a minimum threshold of 10 counts/s were isolated for fragmentation and one MS/MS spectra was collected before adding those ions to the exclusion list (mass spectrometer operated by Analyst TF 1.7, ABSciex). Start Free Trial Have a better pronunciation ? Single-cell roadmap of human gonadal development | Nature Although many structures such as the axial organ (Golconda et al. Cell 123:889901. cTEM micrograph of regenerating CE at 24h p.a. 1994). This hypothesis is corroborated by the identification of proteins associated with cell motility that may indicate a migration of cells from CE to the coelomic cavity. From the proteins listed in Table 1, 43% are classified by KEGG as exosomal proteins. 2011; Ben Khadra et al. Keep up. One of the most interesting phenomena observed in our experiments was the intense apocrine secretion at the level of the coelothelial cells. Andrade C, Oliveira B, Guatelli S et al (2021) Characterization of coelomic fluid cell types in the starfish Marthasterias glacialis using a flow cytometry/imaging combined approach. Dev Comp Immunol 40:3550. Before Peritoneocytes were massively involved in peculiar phenomena of apocrine secretion (Fig. TEM analysis confirmed that the peritoneocytes are highly differentiated polarized cells with an apical flagellum surrounded by a crown of microvilli (Fig. 2015). In fact, exo- and endocytosis work as coupled processes allowing the maintenance of the vesicle pool while preserving plasma membrane functionalities (Liang et al.
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