Where those scientists went and why they did not convert the K99 grant into an R00 is unknown. Alternatively, this may be an internal bias of candidates within the institution or of grant reviewers who do not view the candidate as truly independent from their postdoctoral advisor. Shockingly, there has yet to be a K99 awardee at a historically Black college or university. & August A. For example, doctoral degree holders from Tufts and Boston University are common for Harvard Faculty. Roughly 85% of K99 awardees successfully converted to the R00 phase and about 15% of K99 awardees did not convert to the R00 phase. All applications submitted to NINDS are reviewed in-house by the NST 2study section. NINR uses the K99/R00, NIH Pathway to Independence Award Program, to provide support for individuals who have a Bachelor's degree or higher in nursing to pursue career development research training that extends their potential for research. Those with doctorates from primarily-underrepresented minority-serving institutions are less likely to be in academic positions.33 Here, we explore the doctoral degree granting institution for the 901 faculty members at HBCUs and the 938 faculty at Harvard with known doctoral degree granting institutions (Fig. For applicants with medical degrees who are licensed to practice, NINDS will provide up to $125,000 per year for salary support. Salary and Research Costs The complete version history of this preprint is available at, GUID:7607EA39-9459-4DBF-9B4B-41922724F145, GUID:21ACBE78-626D-47DC-A7BB-BE68A29002CC, GUID:2BCB5C3C-5A42-4209-BD18-26EA9E0FE537, GUID:C9F69709-9133-478F-9F0B-CED816732983, Contribution of postdoctoral fellows to fast-moving and competitive scientific research. All data for K99 awardees, R00 awardees, and matched K99/R00 awardees is included in Supplemental Tables 13. K99 awards have been granted to individuals at 256 different institutions and R00 awardees represented 357 unique institutions. Within the HBCUs, both Howard and Meharry Medical College produce a significant number of doctoral degree holders which populate the other HBCUs (Fig. Harvard is being used as a surrogate for prestigious US-based institutions despite that Harvard is not classified in the group of most NIH-funding; however, institutions affiliated with Harvard (i.e., Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Womens Hospital) are included in the highest NIH-funded institutions. Time spent gaining select agent approval and completing biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) training. Most K99 awardees attain faculty positions at private institutions (62%) compared to public institutions (38%). Also see our Application Advice for Research Career Development (K) Awards. S1). The latest available fiscal year for the K99 award was used and the earliest available fiscal year for the R00 was used. Altbach P. G., Yudkevich M. & Rumbley L. E. Academic inbreeding: local challenge, global problem, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, NIHPP2023.01.26.525751v11-supplement-4.pdf, https://larremorelab.github.io/us-faculty/, https://sites.uab.edu/tyrrelllab/about/k99-to-r00-transfers/, https://report.nih.gov/funding/nih-budget-and-spending-data-past-fiscal-years/success-rates, https://grants.nih.gov/policy/early-investigators/history.htm. C) Within the K99 to R00 conversions at the same institution, the number of K99 to R00 conversions either in the same department or different department, by year. The K99/R00 success rate increased from 16% in FY 2015 to 23% in FY 2018, before dropping to 18% in FY 2019. In agreement with the known and described systemic inequalities within the academic system we have highlighted in this article, self-hiring within HBCUs likely occurs to enable survival of these institutions. A name-to-gender assignment tool (GenderAPI, https://gender-api.com/) was used to assign a binary gender (man/woman) to K99/R00 awardees. Mentored Quantitative Research Career Development Award. Relevant Policy NoticesNOT-NS-20-007,NOT-NS-20-008,NOT-NS-20-016Notice of change to salary allowance for NINDS K99 awardees, Stephen Korn, Ph.D. | Director, Officeof Training &Workforce Developmentkorns@ninds.nih.gov, View BRAIN Initiative Diversity K99/R00 Technical Assistance Webinar, Suggestions for a Good Career Development Plan, NIH Definition of a Postdoctoral Scholar(pdf, 395 KB), Administrative Supplements to Promote Research Continuity and Retention of NIH Mentored Career Development (K) Award Recipients, NINDS Diversity Career Development (K) Award OPEN Conversations Webinar, Form Approved OMB# 0925-0648 Exp. Form Approved OMB# 0925-0648 Exp. There were a total of 3475 extramural K99s awarded from 2006 through 2021 and 2847 R00 awards from 2007 through 2022 (Fig. Raw K99/R00 data examined in this manuscript is publicly available from the NIH Reporter (https://reporter.nih.gov/). In contrast, these public institutions with smaller NIH funding portfolios have hired 74% of all K99 awardees from similar institutions (Table 1). Future research should aim to complete a more comprehensive assessment of faculty flows and outcomes. Time spent conducting postgraduate clinical training or other well-justified training that does not involve research. The NIH funding portfolio of the K99 institution and whether the K99 institution was private or public did not impact success in receiving future R01 funding, once accounting for R00 institution prestige. Transition is intended to be continuous in time. The faculty at southeastern institutions have greater representation from Vanderbilt, Emory, Duke, University of North Carolina, and Washington University in St. Louis compared with the rest of the country. Learn more aboutPercent Effort and Concurrent Salary Support for Research Career Development (K) Awards. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Many K99 awardees from institutions with the largest NIH funding portfolios move to public institutions and institutions with smaller NIH funding portfolios for the R00 phase of the award. 8600 Rockville Pike Salary up to $75,000 (if institutional base salary is equivalent or more) plus fringe benefits. The K99/R00 award mechanism undoubtedly increases awardees chance of securing a faculty position. The first is that moving institutions throughout ones academic career can cause significant hardship on first generation scientists and those in systematically marginalized groups familial/friendships ties which play important roles in the happiness, support, and productivity in the lives of scientists. No, I did not find the content I was looking for, Yes, I did find the content I was looking for, Please rate how easy it was to navigate the NINDS website, NINDS K99/R00 - No Independent Clinical Trials - PA-20-188, The Importance of Project Originality and Project Ownership by the Candidate, NINDS Office of Training & Workforce Development, See moreinformation about eligibility for an NINDS K99/R00, See more information about NINDS requirements for transition to the independent (R00) phase, NINDS K99/R00 Pathway to Independence Award Recipients, NIH guidance for basic experimental studies with humans, Research With Activities Related to Diversity (ReWARD) (R01), Diversity R01 for New and "At-Risk" Investigators, Support for Research Excellence (SuRE) Program (R16), NINDS Research Program Award Frequently Asked Questions, Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award (R37), Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award (R37) Recipients, NINDS Landis Mentor Award Nomination Form, Landis Award for Outstanding Mentorship Recipients, K12 Neurosurgeon Research Career Development Program (NRCDP) Awardees, Collaborative Opportunities for Multidisciplinary, Bold, and Innovative Neuroscience (COMBINE) (RM1), PEDP - NINDS Interdisciplinary Team Science Grant (RM1 Clinical Trial Optional), Submission Troubleshooting and Technology, NINDS Interpretation of the NIH GDS Policy, Rules and Policies for Funding Consideration, Small Business Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), Choose an Award by Career Stage & Eligibility, High School, Undergraduate, & Post-Baccalaureate. Number and frequency of men and women receiving K99 and R00 awards and whether they successfully converted K99 to R00 awards. The NICHD expects K99 awardees to spend at least 1 year, and no more than 2 years, on the K99 phase of the award. 5). Additional Information Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, We sought to determine which factors impacted whether K99/R00 awardees received major subsequent extramural funding in the form of an NIH R01, DP2, or R35 MIRA grant. K99 awardees must submit their R00 transition package to NHLBI by. Institutions with the most NIH funding produced the most recipients of K99 awards and recruited the most recipients of R00 awards. Applicants with a job title other than that typical of a postdoctoral trainee are strongly encouraged to contact the NINDS Office of Training & Workforce Development prior to applying. Practicing physician-scientists may be eligible for up to $100,000 salary plus fringe benefits per year. The United States has a more even gender balance for tenure-track positions than some other countries including Japan and South Korea34; however, it is apparent that women are at a disadvantage compared with men despite this. is supported by NIH F32-GM140568. Nho, Kwangsik Integration of Bio-, Medical, and Imaging Informatics for Complex Diseases 4 R00 . The present study is focuses on K99/R00 awardees and is limited to faculty flows within the United States. In general, for an individual to be eligible for the K99/R00, the Institutions Handbook must define the individuals position title as a mentored, non-staff, non-independent position. We quantified where faculty at a subset of 32 institutions received their doctoral degrees with annotations for the top 15 institutions (Supplemental Fig. A lock ( A locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. A complete updated Human Subjects section, including an "Inclusion Enrollment Report". Image. The K99 phase has a total cost cap of $90,000 per year. They typically have doctorate (i.e., PhD) or medical degrees (i.e., MD or DVM) which means they have completed a significant amount of education, training, and publishing.14 Postdoctoral fellows aspiring to continue in academic research typically seek tenure-track faculty appointments.4 Despite recent trends of new doctoral degree holders seeking private sector positions5, tenure-track academic faculty positions are highly coveted and competitive due to the increasing number of PhD graduates but stagnant number of tenure-track faculty positions.3,6 Obtaining such positions requires consistent access to opportunities for success such as attending prestigious doctoral programs, publishing manuscripts at the undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral levels, and receiving extramural grant funding throughout ones career.710 University prestige has significant impacts on resources11, paper acceptance rates12, citations13, and awards.14 There is also significant bias against women, LGBTQIA+, and other systematically marginalized groups at all levels, which results in underrepresentation in STEM fields and fewer R01 awards compared to white/men counterparts.1518 To combat these biases, the NIH developed funding mechanisms, such as the K99 MOSAIC and K12 IRACDA awards, to promote scientists from diverse backgrounds into tenure-track faculty positions. Senior Computational Fellow. The list below consists of new and continuing grant awards made by NLM, sorted by fiscal year. 2212. Within the United States, one of the most prestigious award mechanisms to facilitate the transition from postdoctoral fellow to tenure-track faculty member in the biomedical sciences is the NIH Pathway to Independence Award (K99/R00).19 Launching in 2006, this award provides salary support for postdoctoral fellows for two years during the K99 phase and $250,000/yr for 3 years during the R00 phase.20,21 The candidate benefits directly through funding, prestige, and protected time.1,21 Having a K99/R00 award also demonstrates to hiring institutions that the candidate has a track record of receiving extramural funding which is a requirement for future success in academic research careers.22 Roughly 90% of K99 awardees received R00 funding, which indicates having obtained a faculty position although factors such as publications, presentations, interpersonal skills, choice of advisor, and others also contribute to securing faculty positions. Another limitation due to our focus on K99/R00 awardees, is that scientists without K99/R00 awards are excluded from our analyses. Transition to the independent phase is subject to NHLBI's review of your research progress and training/career development accomplishments during the K99 award, evaluation of your research plan, and proof of commitment from the sponsoring institution to which you have been recruited. A significant number of faculty at University of Michigan have doctoral degrees from Wayne State University, which is in Detroit, Michigan. T.V. Institutions with the most NIH funding coded blue, HBCUs coded turquoise, non-US coded red, and all others coded orange. Strikingly, of all 2704 K99 awardees that transitioned to R00 awards, no K99 awardees were from HBCUs, and only 2 K99 awardees activated R00 awards at HBCUs. D.J.T. was a K99 recipient who transitioned to R00 in the 2021-2022 cycle and is included in this dataset. Hsu N. S., Rezai-Zadeh K. P., Tennekoon M. S. & Korn S. J. Myths and facts about getting an academic faculty position in neuroscience, The increasing importance of fellowships and career development awards in the careers of early-stage biomedical academic researchers, NIH Career Development Awards: conversion to research grants and regional distribution, The Impact of Individual Mentored Career Development (K) Awards on the Research Trajectories of Early-Career Scientists, Gender Differences in Research Project Grants and R01 Grants at the National Institutes of Health. To support the career development of investigators with quantitative scientific and engineering backgrounds outside of biology or medicine who have made a commitment to focus their research endeavors on basic or clinical biomedical research. These findings have the potential to influence how and where career development awards are made, how potential candidates are supported, and how grant reviewing practices may be changed to be more equitable and inclusive. This length of time is critical for tenure-track faculty who typically have between 67 years to earn tenure which often hinges on receipt of a major research grant for research-intensive faculty. Additionally, MOSAIC K99/R00 scholars will be part of organized scientific cohorts and will be expected to participate in mentoring, networking, and professional development . 2019 K99/R00 Awardee. For independent (R00 phase) candidates at an extramural institution, NINDS will provide up to $249,000 of support per year. 6). Filters. 3). Award is not made until final IRB approval is granted. To support both an initial mentored research experience (K99) followed by independent research (R00) for highly qualified, postdoctoral researchers, to secure an independent research position. For example, of the 938 biomedical faculty members at Harvard, only 1 has a doctoral degree from an HBCU. NIAID's K program is meant to prepare the next generation of investigators for careers in our areas of science. Comparison of National Institutes of Health Grant Amounts to First-Time Male and Female Principal Investigators, Racial bias continues to haunt NIH grants, Initial Outcomes for the NHLBI K99/R00 Pathway to Independence Program in Relation to Long-Standing Career Development Programs: Implications for Trainees, Mentors, and Institutions, A History of New and Early Stage Investigator Policies and Data. Further, the public data on K99/R00 awardees does not provide demographic details including self-identified gender, race, ethnicity, age, and degree type. If these demographic data were available, a critical analysis of bias and how these impact outcomes could be made. Complex consideration of start-up package, institutional clout, and individual motivations factor into this decision. Okike K., Hug K. T., Kocher M. S. & Leopold S. S. Single-blind vs Double-blind Peer Review in the Setting of Author Prestige, Scientists at major and minor universities: a study of productivity and recognition. 3). Awardees are expected to complete at least one full year of mentored training under the K99 phase before transitioning to the R00 phase. Other HBCUs appear to hire faculty with foreign doctorates more such as Meharry (38.9%) and Jackson State (27%) whereas other rely more on institutions with less NIH-funding such as Prairie View A&M (88.2%) and North Carolina A&T (85.2%). Individuals from marginalized communities are typically at a disadvantage when applying for research grants such as R01s. Date 06/2024. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the GooglePrivacy Policyand Terms of Serviceapply. It is important to note the limitations of this study. NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 - Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed) Activity Code K99 / R00 Career Transition Award/Research Transition Award Announcement Type Reissue of PA-18-398 B) Total number of extramural K99 to R00 conversions per year at the same institution or different institution. See more information about NINDS requirements for transition to the independent (R00) phase(pdf, 123 KB). Not sure whether your research qualifies as a clinical trial or basic experimental study with humans? We find that a minority of private and public institutions with the largest NIH funding portfolios produce the majority of K99 awardees, and there are a handful of private and public institutions with the largest NIH funding portfolios that recruit the most R00 awardees. Sankey diagram of all successful K99 to R00 award transfers from 20072022 with the K99 institution on the left and R00 institution on the right. This program is designed to facilitate a timely transition of outstanding postdoctoral researchers or clinician-scientists from mentored research positions to independent, tenure-track or equivalent faculty . Therefore, you may want to consider applying for a Career Transition Award (K22) instead if you are a U.S. citizen or permanent resident. The purpose of this program is to increase and maintain a strong cohort of new and talented, NIH-supported, independent investigators. Pickett C. L., Corb B. W., Matthews C. R., Sundquist W. I. Date 06/2024. The Institute is committed to training new investigators, with attention to the areas of greatest need . Award recipients are expected to compete successfully for independent R01 support during the R00 phase. Pohlhaus J. R., Jiang H., Wagner R. M., Schaffer W. T. & Pinn V. W. Sex differences in application, success, and funding rates for NIH extramural programs, Reflections on race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards, Comparison and benchmark of name-to-gender inference services, Take me where I want to go: Institutional prestige, advisor sponsorship, and academic career placement preferences. An analysis of biographical information on Nobel laureates from 1994 to 2014. A quarter of faculty at USC have USC doctoral degrees (Supplemental Fig. In the beginning of the K99/R00 program, nearly all the awardees that stayed at the same institution also stayed in the same department; however, from 2013 onward a greater number moved to new departments (Fig. An official website of the United States government. The institutions included in this list in order from most funding to least are: Johns Hopkins University, University of California, San Francisco, University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh, Duke University, University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Washington University, Columbia University Health Sciences, University of California, San Diego, University of California Los Angeles, Yale University, University of Washington, Univ of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Massachusetts General Hospital, Emory University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, University of Minnesota, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Brigham and Womens Hospital, New York University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and University of Wisconsin-Madison. This is in line with what Pickett reports that ~20% of K99 recipients received their first R01 award at the same institution where they had a K99 award.23 In general, the majority of K99 awardees in recent years move to new institutions to activate the R00 phase and begin faculty positions. Many of these K99 awards were from 2020 or later and may still convert to the R00 phase; however, 304 were from 2019 or earlier, which suggests they have not and will not convert to the R00 phase. Here we demonstrate the complex nature of faculty hiring within the NIH grant system that exists today in the biomedical sciences and related fields. A Note on PhD Population Growth in Biomedical Sciences, Getting Started on the Tenure Track: Challenges and Strategies for Success, SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education. Private institutions with the highest NIH funding generally hire R00 faculty from other private institutions whether they are in the top NIH funding category (31.2%) or not (46.9%). Mayes L. M., Wong C. A., Zimmer S., Fernandez-Bustamante A. A mean of 27% of K99 awardees remain at their home institution during the R00 phase; however, this differs based on institutional type and NIH funding portfolio size. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the GooglePrivacy Policyand Terms of Serviceapply. The faculty at public institutions with large NIH funding portfolios (i.e., UCSF and University of Michigan) tend to have doctoral degrees from other public institutions with large NIH funding portfolios. Cartographic representation of the number of K99 and R00 awards by institutional location and state from 20072008 through 20212022. Applicant Profile NIAID makes very few awards for the Parent K99/R00 and the Physician-Scientist (PS) K99/R00. Twelve individuals (19%) are in the mentored postdoctoral phase of the award. One stark difference between HBCUs and all other US research institutions is that HBCUs appear to be the only institution type that hires faculty with doctoral degrees from other HBCUs. NIAID encourages applications requesting up to two years for the K99 and two years of support for the independent R00 phase of the award. K99 awards are more concentrated in east and west coast states than R00 awards (73% vs 55%). We also demonstrate the amount of self-hires of K99/R00 recipients from within institutions. Before the R00 transition application deadline, you need to (1) find a suitable position as a tenure-track, full-time assistant professor (or equivalent) at an eligible institution, and once that is accomplished, (2) provide us with the required documentation to initiate the R00 phase of the award. GenderAPI was chosen based on its low rate of mis-classifications and non-classifications31. As is the case across NIH, the NIGMS K99/R00 program is smaller in overall numbers of applications and awards when compared to the NRSA F32 program (compare Figure 1 and Figure 6). Strikingly, 54% of all K99 awardees were at 10% of all institutions, while 46% of all R00 awardees were at 10% of institutions. What made these 302 K99 awardees from 2019 and earlier unable to convert their K99-R00 grants is cause for concern within our greater academic community. Unless otherwise stated in a funding opportunity announcement, K applications are due February 12, June 12, and October 12, and AIDS-related K applications are due January 7, May 7, and September 7, as listed on NIH's Standard Due Dates page. 1A). and are available on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6941651.15 K99 and R00 data were downloaded from NIH Reporter using the Advanced Search function to include only the year range (20072022) and only the grant of interest (i.e., K99 or R00). We go on to show how K99 awardees flow to faculty positions, and to identify various factors that influence the future success of individual researchers and, therefore, also influence the composition of biomedical faculty at universities in the US. In the early years of the K99/R00 program, around 30% of R00 awardees had been hired at the same institution. Receive automatic alerts about NHLBI related news and highlights from across the Institute. Subscribe. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal NCI accepts K99/R00 applications in all areas of cancer research. The factor that impacted the hazard ratio the most was whether an individual stayed at the same institution for the K99 and R00 phase or moved to a new institution (P<0.0001). List of Funded AwardsNINDS K99/R00 Pathway to Independence Award Recipients. Furthermore, these analyses are limited to academic institutions in the United States and do not examine academic centers in other countries. al, 2022 and are available at https://larremorelab.github.io/us-faculty/.15 We included the following fields from this dataset: Anatomy, Animal Sciences, Biochemistry, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics, Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, Exercise Science, Kinesiology, Rehab, Health, Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Human Development and Family Sciences, Immunology, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Neuroscience, Nursing, Nutrition Sciences, Pathology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Physiology, Psychology, Public Health, and Veterinary Medical Sciences. Image. We acknowledge this remains a major limitation of this type of name-to-gender methodology and we hope it changes in the future to be more inclusive. No, I did not find the content I was looking for, Yes, I did find the content I was looking for, Please rate how easy it was to navigate the NINDS website, Tools & Technologies for Brain Cells & Circuits, Show Us Your BRAINs! This amounts to 2.8 years longer and 24.6% lower chance to receive any subsequent major funding compared .
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