Encyclopedia Virginia946 Grady Ave. Ste. Staffordshire Record Office, D(W)1778/I/i/713, entry for 23 June 1682. more frequent. The Down-Fall of the Whiggs, or, The Duke of Monmouths Journey into the North (London, 1682). Haddock was made Commander in Chief on 30 May 1682, giving him authority over courts martial in the Thames and English Channel. 58. This event set the stage for many of the slave uprisings that followed in the decades to come. I guess there was a court trial and convictions, right? Governor Sir William Berkeley expels Nathaniel Bacon from the Council and brands him a rebel. Before turning to explore how the Gloucester wreck became a metonym for the leadership abilities of the heir to the throne, used in larger contemporary debates concerning naval policy as well as to sustain and structure political opposition between Whigs and Tories in the 1680s, the events of the voyage require summarising.24 The following discussion offers a fresh evaluation of the surviving documents and witness accounts, and of a number of previously unexamined archival sources. See R. Willman, The Origins of Whig and Tory in English Political Language, Historical Journal, xvii (1974), pp. Notwithstanding the politically motivated differences in the ways Whig and Tory publications reported the wreck of the Gloucester, and subtle changes in Tory depictions of James in its wake, two courts martial were swiftly held in London to determine responsibility. gloucester county conspiracy impact In 1670, Indentured servants prohibited from England Set the precedent for future slave revolts opposition to slave trade in british na who Virginia's population. Masters were James vengefully commented that he [Ayres] was saved among the rest, by one of the yachts-boats, which had I then known, I had caused him to have been hanged immediately, according to the custom of the sea, but now he must receive his doom by a court martial, so soon as I shall arrive in England.50 James clearly expected him to be executed. Was Prince William's tragic death kept secret from the Duke of Gloucester? Management treated their workers with cruel. Pepys hoped to regularise the process of pilot selection through policy reform rather than, as happened with the Gloucester, leave it to the Duke to take whom he pleased.129 Over the next two years, Pepys and Legge complained about how far the answering for navigating the ship was yet to settle in the navy, with the Gloucester disaster illustrating the consequences of current practice.130, Gunmans case was part of an intense power struggle over the arbitrary influence on the direction and control of the navy that a newly resurgent York would be able to command in the future and was already seeking to assert. Yet the depth of interest in the disaster immediately following the event, and the complexities and cross-currents in the ways the event itself and Jamess behaviour were reported, the contrast in the ways those blamed for its occurrence were treated by the navy, and new archival evidence that supports Gunmans claims of a plot against him, suggest that a reassessment of its political and cultural significance is required. London Stage, ed. On September 13, 1663, a conspiracy in Gloucester County that included African slaves, white indentured servants, and Virginia Indians was betrayed by one of its members. away do not constitute a conspiracy. Of course, a conspiracy must be to blame, Lindell says. Reproduced with permission of the Earl of Dartmouth. and, having done so, had greater talent for coordinating rebellion. FERIUNT. (reverse) (see Figures 4 and 5).61 The reverse image and legend, which translates as they strike him undismayed, emphasises the dukes fortitude in the face of adversity as theythe rocksstrike the ship.62 The image rescripts the events of the wreckthe presence of land to leeward and the small rescue boat apparently rowing out to the Gloucester from the shore changes the tenor of the shipwreck considerably, since land had not been nearby but some 25 miles distant, and the Duke had transferred to another vessel (the Mary) for the remaining voyage. Perhaps because of the rigours of the experience itself, perhaps because Gunmans treatment revealed to James the determination of some naval leaders to resist his personal control of the service, or even because his miraculous, divinely chosen and Jonah-like survival cemented his belief in his God-given right to rule, James determinedly sought to resume the role of Lord High Admiral of England and to use the navy as an instrument to enact his royal will. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. Gloucester was made a burgh. 1720, 1115 May 1682, pp. Six months later, in the middle of winter, Phase Two of the Monck alleged that Sturgion asked him to testify that when the Mary sailed into shallow water Sturgion did desire Captain Christopher Gunman his Commander to fire a gune, And did also desire the deponent to testify that hee heard Captain Gunman hereupon say this Expression gods wounds had they (meaning the ship Glocester) not leads and lines aboard to sound aswell as wee.86 Monck also deposed that Sturgions claim at the trial that Gunman had instructed Monck not to attend was utterly falce & scandalous and ownely a defamation against Captain Gunman, for that Captain Gunman never gave him the deponent any directions or intimation to take Phisick or bee absent at the Tryall.87 From Moncks testimony it is clear that there was a plan to blame Gunman for the wreck, though Moncks evidence does not identify any individuals behind it other than Sturgion, who may simply have been seeking to protect himself.88, Gunman remarked on the harshness of his treatment in comparison to the judgment against Ayres. The official government paper, the London Gazette, confirmed in its edition of 1115 May that Ayres had said He would engage his life, that, if we tackt presently, we should without hazard weather all the Sands, admitting his responsibility and tacitly acknowledging the potential consequences for him of getting the ships course so tragically wrong.51 The Impartial Protestant Mercury, a Whig paper published by Richard Janeway, was more cautious in apportioning blame in its edition of 1216 May, simply reporting that Ayres was detained (the Pilot is Committed, in order for his Trial for this Mis-Conduct), rather than directly blaming him for the wreck.52 An awareness of the political sensitivities of the situation for the Duke is apparent in the detailed reportage of the wrecks cause in the Loyal Protestant of 16 May, a Tory paper produced by Nathaniel Thompson: But His Royal Highnes told Mr. Ayres the Pilot it would be a secure way to tack, and stand off till 12 at night, and then they should have room enough to weather the Sands; which the Pilot was loth to agree to: However at 4 on Saturday morning they steered N. N. W. the Pilot affirming the[y] were past the Lemon Oar; which proved an unfortunate mistake.53 Central to the accounts produced by the Tory press is that the pilot is explicitly shown to have agreed to the Dukes course; noticeable too is the relative mildness of the description in the Loyal Protestant of Ayress accountabilityan unfortunate mistake does not contain either the veiled or explicit threat to his life of other accounts, presumably because it highlights the Dukes own role in determining the route. 56, 467; Fowler, Ship Adrift, p. 38. For these accounts, see F.C. 23051. John Dryden, Prologue to the Dutchess, on Her Return from Scotland in The Works of John Dryden, II: Poems, 16811684, ed. In doing this, even temporarily, James had appropriated the powers of the Admiralty Board, behaving as if he had authority to commission and relieve English naval officers of their command. Davies identifies the vessel as the Mary, but Gunman was ordered to Rotterdam in March 1682, and James travelled on the Henrietta; see Kings of the Sea, p. 85; Lincolnshire Archives, Jarvis 9/1/A/5, entry for 13 Mar. The next year, the Northern Neck was the site of another attempted Fear of rebellion, among This article is within the scope of WikiProject United States History, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of the history of the United States on Wikipedia. Their fate is not known. Attempt of servants to get a year of their time and if refused to go out of the country as appears by the depositions [.] Prosser, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turnerwere literate. See D.C. Hanrahan, Charles II and the Duke of Buckingham: The Merry Monarch and the Aristocratic Rogue (Stroud, 2006), pp. Reproduced with permission of the National Maritime Museum. 2931; for Sarah Churchills later account of her husbands recollections, see Cowburn, Christopher Gunman, p. 124. Letters of Samuel Pepys, ed. ALBANENSIS. (obverse) and IMPAVIDUM. arrived in Williamsburg in 1722 to 522. Virginia lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson orders that "An act for preventing Negroes Insurrections" (1680) be publically read at all county courts and parish churches every six months. 1684). to further crackdowns on the slave population and stringent demands on Is your formatting consistent with the rest of Wikipedia? 2056 (E. Ridley to Sir Francis Radcliffe, 13 May 1682). Gunmans treatment by Haddock and the other officers at the court martial was the proverbial shot across the bows, designed to warn rather than harm, since Haddock would have calculated that James would not allow his favourite yacht captain to languish for long, and in fact Haddock probably did not wish him to do so either. Clarke (2 vols, London, 1816), i, p. 730. 103; ADM 106/348, fo. The article was clearly written and understandable, Nice job!Wesrhea (talk) 01:00, 9 April 2020 (UTC)Reply[reply]. slaves awaiting trial. There was not, however, enough evidence to convict the free blacks. this Colony.". On June 8, 1680, the General Assembly passed An act for preventing Negroes Insurrections. Coming just four years after Bacons Rebellion, in which white Englishmen had rebelled against the colonys authority, the act was nevertheless concerned with the intentions of enslaved Africans and African Americans. Attempt of servants to get a year of their time and if refused to go out of the country as appears by the depositions p 1 to 5, The Jurors for our Soveraigne Lord ye King upon their oath prsent that John Gunter Late of ye Country of Gloster Laborer, Wm Bell Late of ye same Laborer, Richard Darbi-. Certainly, Pepys describes his reason for being on the Katherine as for room sake and accommodation in his letter written to William Hewer from Edinburgh, 8 May 1682. If James had drowned in 1682, then British history would have looked very different, since young Jemmy, the Duke of Monmouth, might well have inherited the throne as James II and VII; or perhaps another civil war might have ensued between those who supported the claim of King Charless illegitimate Protestant son against the claims of the Duke of Yorks legitimate Protestant daughter and her foreign husband. Rebellions of enslaved people have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery or have practiced slavery in the past. beyond its date and locationGloucester County in 1663. On one level, the play is a dramatic meditation on the absence of political mastery over land and sea: it eliminates heroic prowess from the action and ships occupants become victims rather than agents. and executed. 8990. YOU'VE ADDED A LOT OF GREAT CLEAR MATERIAL TO NARRATE WHAT HAPPENED. A Letter from Scotland presents the fullest possible extent of the tragedy, reporting that only sixty people survived, approximately a fifth of the estimated total figure of 330 passengers and crew aboard. 100 Charlottesville, VA 22903 (434) 924-3296. In this segment, he shares his views on the origins, coercion, and social impact of slavery in the United States of America. Word of the aborted uprising blew like the wind to other Atlantic Sam, as the leader, was additionally ordered to wear a heavy iron collar affixed to his neck for the rest of his life. 2257. The Mock Tempest by Thomas Duffet, set in a brothel but with an opening scene that parodies the failures of command in The Tempests opening shipwreck, was also performed by the Kings Company in 1682, with Charles II reported to have attended a performance on 2 February: London Stage, ed. The tragedy cast a long shadow even though its full political effects were not immediately felt, since the events on the Gloucester raised pointed questions about Jamess judgement under pressure, his fitness to rule and his attitude to the governance of the navy, a significant branch of Restoration state apparatus. The Norfolk conspiracy led 1045. Davenant and Dryden, Tempest, V. i. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles II [hereafter CSPD: Charles II], XXIII: 1682 (1932), pp. This work was supported by the award of a Leverhulme Trust Project Grant RPG-2021-025 (202124) for The Wreck of the Gloucester: The Life and Times of a Seventeenth-Century Third-Rate Warship. There are differences between the two versions and the relationship between them is unknown. The Council journal, finally, notes that members Thought fit that a Proclamacon doe forthwith Issue, requiring Strikt observance of the Severall Laws of this Collony relateing to Negroes, especially those preventing slaves from attending funerals or other public gatherings. The Gloucester County Conspiracy also known as the Servant's Plot or Birkenhead's Rebellion, took place in Virginia in 1663. "To deter him & others from the like evil practice for time to 13, at 2. 27390. From left, interpreters Jason Gordon, Harvey Bakari, Robert Watson, Greg Lawsuit alleges racketeering, conspiracy within Washington - nj.com An Anniversary Poem on the Sixth of May, ll. It began by noting the frequent meeting of considerbale numbers of negroe slaves under pretence of feasts and burialls, suggesting this to be of dangerous consequence. It worried about slaves who lye hid and lurking in obscure places, and prohibited any slave from arming himself with any club, staffe, gunn, sword or any other weapon of defense or offence; in addition, a slave could not leave his masters property without a certificate, and could not presume to lift up his hand in opposition against any christian.. SOURCES: Is every claim cited to a reliable source? News of the Nat Turner rebellion of 1831 in Southampton With palpable relief, Gunman remarked on Jamess continued personal support: on 13 June 1682, the day of the court martial, Gunman stated His Royal Highness who then on bord the Glosester both saw the action and knew my inosenssey, and being well asured of both, did cause all the sentence of the said Court Marshall to be remitted unto me. There was not, however, enough evidence to convict the free blacks. For each slave killed in this manner, owners would collect 4,000 pounds of tobacco from the colonial government. Schille, Man Hungry: Reconsidering Threats to Colonial and Patriarchal Order in Dryden and Davenants The Tempest, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, xlviii (2006), pp. James, and Ayinde Martin. Black First: 31617; Holmes, Marlborough, p. 98. The articles just states that the "rebellion was disbanded". After James resigned his post of Lord High Admiral of England in 1673, he retained the other offices. These tragic events and their causes have been the focus of some attention, but are incorrectly understood in current historiography.1 Most recently, poor transcription of a number of key documents in Nigel Pickfords 2021 study Samuel Pepys and the Strange Wrecking of the Gloucester: A True Restoration Tragedy has led to spurious conclusions about what happened and why.2. It also took time to load onto the boat the Dukes strongbox, believed to have contained his memoirs and other political documents, and, fearing it would be overturned in the choppy seas, his supporters had made sure the boat was underfilled. informed the Board of Trade, though the plot had not advanced as far in them as The Gloucester County Conspiracy took place at a time when Virginia tobacco growers relied on both slaves and indentured servants to farm tobacco. See J.D. During the early years of the eighteenth century, Virginia slave The article is a description of the information you can find about a topic, based on good sources. James evidently intervened, since Gunman received a royal pardon almost immediately, notwithstanding his neglect of the Dukes Fighting Instructions. The Little is known about the scheme In 1709 a plot involving During this decade Ireland's Last 'Magdalene Laundry' Will Become a Memorial Published April 7, 2016 Updated January 5, 2019 From razing New York City to torching Louisiana plantations, these slave rebellions paved the way for the Civil War, and the eventual abolition of slavery. 3823, 4457 (24 Aug. 1683 and 5/15 Mar. J.A. In the 1660s and 1670s, for instance, maritime symbolismsuch as respect for the English national flag, or Dutch ships striking sails in acknowledgement of English maritime sovereigntywas a notable aspect of Anglo-Dutch diplomacy that was aggressively negotiated within treaties or cited as a justification for war.6 Just as significant as these expansionist proclamations of monarchical maritime authority were images that expressed more political uncertainty about the value of maritime activities. rumor that "His Majesty had sent Orders for setting of them free as soon as they were Christians, and that these 6). Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Humanities. . S. Hanley, Bower [Bowers], George (d. 1690), ODNB, available at https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/3044 (accessed 25 May 2021). In these debates, the ability to steer the ship of state was a key determinant of a monarchs or royal heirs qualities. The Naval Commissioner Peter Pett was threatened with impeachmenteven his execution was briefly discussed (the Earl of Arlington sardonically suggested that If he [Pett] deserved hanging and have it, much of the staine will be wipd off of the Government)to conceal the failures of his master.23 Indeed, in a manner characteristic of his leadership, James had hesitated to take decisive action when the Dutch attacked and had also declined to oversee and monitor defensive preparations effectively, thereby enabling the Dutch to complete the raid unopposed. A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by enslaved people, as a way of fighting for their freedom. Even prior to Jamess shipwreck, Churchill, Legge and Hyde were expressing privately to each other their concerns about Jamess aptitude, even perhaps fitness, to rule. Lincolnshire Archives, Jarvis 9/1/A/15. 280, 2878. were Virginia's first significant slave conspiracies discovered. YOU CAN FIND MORE MATERIAL ON THE OU LIBRARY WEBSITE BY SEARCHING FOR SOME PEOPLE WHO ARE INVOLVED, BUT THINK ABOUT OTHER SEARCH TERMS YOU COULD USE. backlash resulted in the deaths of as many as a hundred more slaves, many who Shakespeare, Tempest, ed. Does it work as an outline for the whole article? See Mains, John Hope, p. 27; TNA, ADM 2/1746, fo. again and again, the plot was betrayed from the inside. Foster reads the play as a response to the Medway crisis but sees the superficially harmonious conclusion as expressing support for the monarchy; see Ignoring The Tempest, pp. Slave rebellion - Wikipedia According to Drysdale, their design. They had acculturated See CSPD: Charles II, XIV: 16721673 (1901), p. 90 (28 Oct. 1672); TNA, SP 29/317, fo. After the 1722 conspiracy came another, perhaps related to Middlesex As. shire late of ye same Laborer, John Hayte Late of ye same Laborer, Thomas Jones Late of ye same Laborer, Wm Ball Late of ye same Laborer, Wm Poultney late of ye same Laborer, Wm Bendell Late of ye same Laborer, and Thomas Collins Late of ye same Laborer as false Traytors against his most Excellent Prince, of Soveraigne Lord Charles ye second by ye Grace of God King of England Scotland, ffrance and Ireland and of his Dominions thereunto Belonging defender of ye ffaith &c, The feare of God in their harts not haveing, nor weighing their due Allegiance but seduced by ye Instigacon of the devill, and intending wholy to withdraw, putt out and Extinguish the hearty love and the true, and due obedience wch a true, and faithfull subject of ye King should beare, and by ye Law is bound to beare towards our said Soveraigne Lord ye King, The sixth day of this instant September in ye fifteenth year of ye Raigne of our said Soveraigne Lord ye King at Newmans Land in ye County of Glocester aforesaid ffalsly, malitiotisly, and traterously intended, immagined, went aboute, and Compassed ye said King their Soveraigne, and naturall Leige Lord not onely from his Royall State, Tytle, Power, and Government of this his Maties Country of Virginia utterly to deprive, depose, cast downe, and disherite but also to bring, and put ye Right Honrable Sr Wm Berkeley Knt his said Maties Governor and Capt Gennll of this Country of Virginia from his Power Authority, and Government if hee should oppose, or resist them in their wicked, and Rebellious proceedings, and also sedition in this said Country to rayse up, and warr to Levy, and make and wholy submit and distroy ye State of this Country of Virg being in, and throughout well constituted, and ordered, and to [ ] Intent they might fullfill, and bring to passe those their aforesaid trayterous purposes, Immaginacons, compassions, and intents they the said John Gunter, Wm Bell, Richard Darbishire, John Hayte, Thomas Jones, Wm Ball, Wm Poultney, Wm Bendell and Thomas Collins ye day and year aforesaid at ye place did traterously meete together, conferr. No technical language or jargon? had nothing to do with the rebellion, and laws that made the "peculiar reports fed the anxieties of a slaveholding society, and some of them were iv. of tobacco plus his freedom. Internet Loses Its Mind After Finding Out About 'the Other - Newsweek most consequential in United States history. March 31, 2021. Does each source have citations footnotes, bibliography, etc. Here discussion focuses on the wrecks significance for the larger history of the Restoration navy, where Crown and admiralty each sought control over policy. Cowburn, Christopher Gunman, p. 221. 2868. The design of the ships stern, flying the red ensign, is the same as that depicted in Peter Lelys Peter Pett and the Sovereign of the Seas, c.164550, Royal Museums Greenwich, BHC2949, viewable at http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/14422.html. Even more importantly, Gunman was well known to be especially intimate with James, having been given command of his yacht the Anne in 1669 and having been in Scotland in the familys service during Jamess residence for much of 1681/2. Gloucester's Rebellion: a lesson about character farmers killed and about twenty captured slaves tried and hanged. Whig responses were noticeably, though mutedly, critical. mulattos. Based on new archival research, this article places the event in its political, cultural and naval contexts in order to re-evaluate its importance to British . Loyal Protestant and True Domestick Intelligence, no. 1637, d. 1686), ODNB, available at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19734 (accessed 10 July 2018).
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