1. the size of a stimulant or reaction. 4.3 Hearing - Introduction to Psychology - Open Textbook Library High-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while low-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. The vibrations are detected by the cilia (hair cells) and sent via the auditory nerve to the auditory cortex. Ear and Hearing, 28(2, Suppl. In this section, we describe the physical properties of the waves as well as the perceptual experiences associated with them. In contrast, non-REM (NREM) sleep is subdivided into three stages . In psychology, it can describe the magnitude or strength of a reaction or of a stimulus. 1. Which of the following correctly matches the pattern in our perception of color as we move from short wavelengths to long wavelengths? However the blind spot created by the exiting of the optic nerve is not perceived due to compensation of information from receptions surrounding the blindspot as well as information compensated from the other eye that is able to perceive information in the other eyes blind spot due to the light hitting the compensating eye in a different location on the retina. 1. The Sound waves are simply the vibrations of the molecule of air that surrounds us. Next, light passes through the pupil, a small opening controlled by the iris. Most colors we experience are not pure meaning there are many wavelengths entering the eye of which are different shape and sized waveforms. Wavelength refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next. amplitude. Like light waves, the physical properties of sound waves are associated with various aspects of our perception of sound. For example, the honeybee relies on flowering plants for survival. As we move into stage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. 5.2 Waves & Wavelengths by Kathryn Dumper, William Jenkins, Arlene Lacombe, Marilyn Lovett, and Marion Perimutter is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. However, there is the potential for hearing damage from about 80 dB to 130 dB: These are sounds of a food processor, power lawnmower, heavy truck (25 feet away), subway train (20 feet away), live rock music, and a jackhammer. The amplitude of light waves is associated with our experience of brightness or intensity of color, with larger amplitudes appearing brighter. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. 2. the highest worth of a sinusoid wave. Taking precautions when being exposed to loud sounds is important, as cilia do not grow back. APA Dictionary of Psychology Figure 5.5 The amplitude or height of a wave is measured from the peak to the trough. Two physical characteristics of a wave are amplitude and wavelength (Figure 5.5). on 50-99 accounts. Dec 19, 2022 OpenStax. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. People who constantly operate noisy machinery without using appropriate ear protection are at high risk of hearing loss, as are people who listen to loud music on their headphones or who engage in noisy hobbies, such as hunting or motorcycling. Corey, D. P., Garca-Aoveros, J., Holt, J. R., Kwan, K. Y., Lin, S.-Y., Vollrath, M. A., Amalfitano, A.,Zhang, D.-S. (2004). Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. For example, a tone measuring 600 hertz will be transduced into 600 nerve impulses a second. Sound waves are changes in pressure generated by vibrating molecules. July 4, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Different wavelengths of light are associated with our perception of different colors. Being exposed to sounds that By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. AMPLITUDE: "The amplitude of the results was far stronger than anyone expected. The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave (peak or crest) to the lowest point on the wave (trough). The amplitude or height of a wave is measured from the peak to the trough. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. A whisper 5 feet away or rustling leaves are at the low end of our hearing range; sounds like a window air conditioner, a normal conversation, and even heavy traffic or a vacuum cleaner are within a tolerable range. A typical conversation would correlate with 60 dB; a rock concert might check in at 120 dB (figure below). In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. 1999-2023, Rice University. consent of Rice University. This figure illustrates waves of differing wavelengths/frequencies. These changes can be visualized using an EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of the brain wave. Longer wavelengths will have lower frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have higher frequencies (Figure 5.6). A cochlear implant is a device made up of a series of electrodes that are placed inside the cochlea. Answer: Once again, one could make an evolutionary argument here. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Sound waves vibrating through media such as air, water, or metal are the stimulus energy that is sensed by the ear. Wavelength refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next. (See Figure .) How would you explain this to a friend who never had the opportunity to take a class like this? Describe the process of transduction in hearing. Click on the "Quizlet" tab on the right-hand side of the website. A 1000 Hz sound wave, on the other hand, would vary dramatically in terms of perceived loudness as the amplitude of the wave increased. Sound | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Want to create or adapt OER like this? then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. Amplitude can describe two different concepts. These are spindle shaped traces on an EEC during sleep stage 2 that are short bursts of 15Hz waves that increase and decrease in amplitude. These patterns of electrical activity (waves) resemble that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake, but they have less variability (are more synchronized) and are relatively lower in frequency (812 Hz) and higher in amplitude than beta waves (Figure 4.8). Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. In the auditory system, a sounds frequency is associated with pitch, and its amplitude is associated with loudness. For waves on a string, or in medium such as water, the amplitude is a displacement. RESPONSE AMPLITUDE - Psychology Dictionary We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Light waves are transmitted across the cornea and enter the eye through the pupil. Sound waves vibrating through media such as air, water, or metal are the stimulus energy that is sensed by the ear. Over 85 dB for extended periods can cause permanent hearing loss. This book uses the This theory has a problem with high-pitched sounds, however, because the neurons cannot fire fast enough. A typical conversation would correlate with 60 dB; a rock concert might check in at 120 dB (Figure 5.9). A shout right into For example, a 10 Hz sound wave is inaudible no matter the amplitude of the wave. Pitch, though influenced by amplitude, depends most on the frequency of Higher tones excite areas closest to the opening of the cochlea (near the oval window). Given that the human voice falls in this middle range and the importance of communication among humans, one could argue that it is quite adaptive to have an audible range that centers on this particular type of stimulus. The ear has three basic parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and Browse Dictionary. Sometimes it can end up there. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of ("synthesize") the neural activity ("activation") that was happening during REM sleep. Lower tones excite areas near the narrow tip of the cochlea, at the opposite end. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, British Journal of Educational Psychology, British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Our pet dogs and cats have audible ranges of about 7045000 Hz and 4564000 Hz, respectively (Strain, 2003). K complexes are often followed by sleep spindles. The eye is the major sensory organ involved in vision (Figure 1). While conductive hearing loss can often be improved through hearing aids that amplify the sound, they are of little help to sensorineural hearing loss. Loudness is measured using the unit of relative loudness known as the decibel. Although wave amplitude is generally associated with loudness, there is some interaction between frequency and amplitude in our perception of loudness within the audible range. Conductive hearing loss is caused by physical damage to the ear (such as to the eardrums or ossicles) that reduces the ability of the ear to transfer vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear. We recommend using a Although the two stimuli are very different in terms of composition, wave forms share similar characteristics that are especially important to our visual and auditory perceptions. The human ear is sensitive to a wide range of sounds, from the faint tick of a clock in a nearby room to the roar of a rock band at a nightclub, and we have the ability to detect very small variations in sound. SLEEP SPINDLES By N., Sam M.S. 5.2 Waves & Wavelengths - Introductory Psychology - Open Text WSU Waves and Wavelengths by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Rods are are extremely sensitive to (fire in response to) single photons (quantum light units, the smallest packet of light, Rieke & Baylor, 1998). Light that is visible to humans makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Higher saturations are recorded when many wavelengths have the same size and shape. Both light and sound can be described in terms of wave forms with physical characteristics like amplitude, wavelength, and timbre. Ironically the mantis shrimp, the animal that could have the broadest, most detailed perception of color with 12 different color receptors, may not see in such the vivid arrangement that was previously thought. for a customized plan. Key Takeaways. What does your consciousness include? Middlebrooks, J. C., & Green, D. M. (1991). The design and function of cochlear implants. Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology Overview, Chapter 2: Psychological Research Overview, 2.3 Analyzing Findings and Experimental Design, Chapter 3: Biological Basis of Behavior Overview, Chapter 4: States of Consciousness Overview, Chapter 5: Sensation & Perception Overview, 5.7 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Perception, 6.6 Learning to Unlearn - Behavioral Principles in Clinical Psychology, 6.7 Learning Principles in Everyday Behavior, Chapter 7: Cognition & Intelligence Overview, 8.2 Parts of the Brain Involved in Memory, 10.2 Freud & the Psychodynamic Perspective, 10.3 Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, & Horney, 10.5 Humanistic Approaches to Personality, 10.6 Biological Approaches to Personality, 10.8 Cultural Understanding of Personality, Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders Overview, 12.2 Diagnosing & Classifying Psychological Disorders, 12.3 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders, 12.5 Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders, 13.1 Mental Health Treatment: Past & Present, 13.4 Substance-Related & Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, 13.5 The Sociocultural Model & Therapy Utilization, Kathryn Dumper, William Jenkins, Arlene Lacombe, Marilyn Lovett, and Marion Perimutter, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Describe important physical features of wave forms, Show how physical properties of light waves are associated with perceptual experience, Show how physical properties of sound waves are associated with perceptual experience.
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